There are a number of other estimates of excess deaths from European countries (Gran et al., 2010; Nogueira et al., 2009; Zucs et al., 2005). Â. In uncomplicated adult cases systemic symptoms usually last a few days. There are 4 types of seasonal influenza viruses, types A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease.. The network combines epidemiological and virological surveillance of influenza. There are 4 types of seasonal influenza viruses, types A, B, C and D. Influenza A and B viruses circulate and cause seasonal epidemics of disease. iii: and the relevant Ph. And, you need the humbleness to understand your original, to be part of it—then also the practical humbleness to get someone who knows more […] The young have an increased risk of being infected because they have not developed immunity to the virus. Gran JM, Iversen B, Hungnes O, et al. Estimating influenza-related excess mortality and reproduction numbers for seasonal influenza in Norway, 1975–2004; Epidemiol Infect. These usually affect most of the countries for one to two months and last in Europe for about four months overall (Paget et al., 2007). Skip directly to site content Skip directly to page options Skip directly to A-Z link. The incubation time for seasonal influenza is on average two days, but ranges from one to four days. WHO GISRS monitors resistance to antivirals among circulating influenza viruses to provide timely guidance for antiviral use in clinical management and potential chemoprophylaxis. the exchange of at least one RNA segment. The UK is being hit with one of the worst flu seasons in recent decades. 2014;42(11):2325-32. ECDC continues to emphasise that all Europeans who are recommended to have the influenza vaccine should get vaccinated. Furthermore, exacerbations of underlying disease, e.g. Form Approved OMB Control No. individual factors, type of exposure, and risk associated with the exposure. Textbook of Influenza. Kilbourne E. Influenza pandemics of the 20th century. 2009;3:37-49, Nair H, Abdullah Brooks W, Katz M et al. Most people recover from fever and other symptoms within a week without requiring medical attention. (3) WHO recommended surveillance standards, Second edition. Swelling of the white part … Moscona A (2005) Oseltamivir resistance – disabling our influenza defences. Firstly there is the severe disease and deaths. Learn more about the classification of influenza viruses, influenza outbreaks, and influenza symptoms and treatment. Zhou H, Thompson WW, Viboud CG, et al. Hospitalizations associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States, 1993-2008. Clin Infect Dis. In the U.S. alone, annual deaths caused by flu range from 3,300 to 48,600 people, and more than 200,000 are hospitalized each year from flu-related complications. Hospitalization and death occur mainly among high risk groups. The characteristics of the circulating virus strain and the immunity in the population, contributes to variations in disease burden from year to year, which makes it hard to estimate the annual number of deaths or economic impact. consist of swabbing the nose and nasal cavity. Burden of seasonal influenza hospitalization in children, United States, 2003 to 2008. J Pediatr. 2010;157(5):808-14. Sampling can e.g. WHO recommends seasonal influenza vaccination for the following risk groups: pregnant women, children aged 6-59 months, the elderly, and individuals with chronic medical conditions. There are also rapid point of care tests (quick test) that require less time. A number of inactivated influenza vaccines and recombinant influenza vaccines are available in injectable form. Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses which circulate in all parts of the world. depend on the nature of the pandemic influenza virus, immunization coverage and pre-existing immunity in the population.Â. A single acute serum specimen for seasonal influenza serology is uninterpretable and should not be collected. Not all infected present all the symptoms. Once you are a servant, you may be lucky to be called a master of your craft. It may e.g. There is also evidence of a fourth type: D (Ducatez, 2015). Factors associated with vaccine uptake 1. Although vaccination is the preferred option for preventing influenza, antivirals can be useful when the vaccine fails or is unavailable, for example, due to: antigenic mismatch with circulating virus, waning immunity in elderly, patient being immunocompromised, the vaccine not yet available, or during an outbreak of an emerging influenza strain or pandemic. The affected eye may have increased tears or be "stuck shut" in the morning. NEJM 2005; 353:2633-2636. • People at higher risk of influenza complications (see “Who is at risk”) are strongly Nogueira PJ, Nunes B, Machado A, Rodrigues E, Gomez V, Sousa L, et al. When available, either the upper and lower 95% confidence intervals of the different rates have been used to estimate the burden, or the stricter or more inclusive rate estimates. Patients should monitor themselves to detect if their condition deteriorates and seek medical attention Patients that are known to be in a group at high risk for developing severe or complicated illness, (see above) should be treated with antivirals in addition to symptomatic treatment as soon as possible. Patients with severe or progressive clinical illness associated with suspected or confirmed influenza virus infection (i.e. Early self-isolation of those feeling unwell, feverish and having other symptoms of influenza. It is important that specimens are collected as early as possible after symptom onset. Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States. JAMA. 2003;289(2):179-86.Webster RG, Monto AS, Braciale TJ, Lamb RA (editors). Seasonal influenza causes 4 -50 million symptomatic cases in EU/EEA each year, and 15 000 – 70 000 European citizens die every year of causes associated with influenza. pii: 19112. rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and adenovirus can also present as Influenza-like Illness (ILI) which makes the clinical differentiation of influenza from other pathogens difficult. BMJ 2008;336:77-80. Seasonal influenza vaccines shall be compliant with the Ph. But, since 2009 the majority of the circulating influenza A viruses are resistant to the adamantane compounds. Influenza is an acute viral infection that primarily attacks the nose, throat and lungs. Type B infections are less common and usually milder than influenza A(H3N2). Cowling BJ, Fung ROP, Cheng CKY, Fang VJ, Chan KH, et al. (2008) Preliminary Findings of a Randomized Trial of Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions to Prevent Influenza Transmission in Households. Background Vaccination programmes for H1N1 influenza were introduced between September and Adam Fields DC Recommended for you http://www.cdc.gov/EID/content/15/2/233.htm, Oseltamivir-resistant influenza A (H1N1) virus, Europe, 2007–08 season, Oseltamivir resistance – disabling our influenza defences. When an infected person coughs or sneezes, droplets containing viruses (infectious droplets) are dispersed into the air and can spread up to one meter, and infect persons in close proximity who breathe these droplets in. However, during periods of low influenza activity and outside of epidemics situations, the infection of other respiratory viruses e.g. Seasonal influenza is an acute respiratory infection caused by influenza viruses which circulate in all parts of the world. When distance cannot be maintained, reducing the time of close contact with people who might be ill may be an option. Cowling B, Chan K-H, Fang VJ, Cheun CYK, Fung ROP, Wai W. et al. Facemasks and hand hygiene to prevent influenza transmission in households: a cluster randomized trial Annals of Internal medicine 2009; 151: 437-446. Laboratory confirmation of influenza virus from throat, nasal and nasopharyngeal secretions or tracheal aspirate or washings is commonly performed using direct antigen detection, virus isolation, or detection of influenza-specific RNA by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Additionally, aerosol transmission plays a part in influenza virus transmission. Euro Surveill. Influenza spreads predominantly via the droplet and contact routes when people cough and sneeze, and by indirect spread through respiratory secretions on hands, tissues, etc. Seasonal and pandemic influenza A represents one of the greatest threats to global health [66–68]. Seasonal influenza affects about 5–20% of the population each year. by Streptococcus pneumoniae or Staphylococcus aureus. Hayward AC, Fragaszy EB, Bermingham A, et al. Comparative community burden and severity of seasonal and pandemic influenza: results of the Flu Watch cohort study. Lancet Respir Med. The severity of seasonal influenza depends on the virus, host factors, and other factors, e.g. Influenza activity can sometimes be predicted and even tracked geographically. Influenza-related deaths – available methods for estimating numbers and detecting patterns for seasonal and pandemic influenza in Europe. In temperate climates, seasonal epidemics occur mainly during winter, while in tropical regions, influenza may occur throughout the year, causing outbreaks more irregularly. It is caused by influenza virus and is easily transmitted, predominantly via the droplet and contact routes and by indirect spread from respiratory secretions on hands, tissues, etc. Despite the often short duration of illness, the yearly economic and healthcare burden of influenza is substantial. Nair H, Abdullah Brooks W, Katz M et al. individual factors, type of exposure, and risk associated with the exposure. Activity has been elevated for eight weeks according to CDC's Weekly U.S. Hands should be washed thoroughly with soap and water, and dried. Seasonal influenza viruses circulate worldwide and can affect people in any age group. Illnesses range from mild to severe and even death. Sporadic infections occur outside of the influenza season, though the incidence is very low in the European summer when infections may be the result of imported cases from equatorial areas (where transmission is more year round) and the southern hemisphere where most infection takes place between June to October. Type B viruses cause somewhat less severe disease and tend to cause fewer complications than some type A viruses. 2009 May 7;14(18). alert_06. Seasonal influenza is a preventable infectious disease with mostly respiratory symptoms. Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS). Global burden of respiratory infections due to seasonal influenza in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. The early antivirals, adamantane compounds (amantadine and rimantadine), act as M2 inhibitors and are active against influenza A. Type C viruses cause some human disease but only comparatively few outbreaks. Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) are used in clinical settings, but they have lower sensitivity compared to RT-PCR methods and their reliability depends largely on the conditions under which they are used. Seasonal influenza is a vaccine-preventable disease that each year infects approximately 10 to 30 % of Europe's population, and causes hundreds of thousands of hospitalisations across Europe. Since 1999 inhaled zanamivir is authorised in all EU/EEA Member States except Cyprus, and since 2002 oral oseltamivir is authorised in all EU Member States. What is a pandemic? The most effective way to prevent the disease is vaccination. However, quite often the initial influenza infection is not recognised and the death is not classified as being due to influenza. Killingley B, Nguyen-Van-Tam J. Routes of influenza transmission. Influenza Other Respir Viruses. 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